It is widely known that eating disorders have a significant impact on weight. Disordered eating habits typically begin as a result of feeling dissatisfied with one’s physical appearance and wanting to change it in some way.
What is less widely known and discussed are the other side effects of eating disorders — significant dental disease and poor oral health being one of them.
Eating disorders and oral health
Eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder, are complex mental health conditions characterized by disordered eating habits, including severe restriction or periods of binging and purging.
While the primary focus of these conditions often revolves around weight, body image and food intake, their impact extends far beyond these aspects, affecting various systems within the body. One significant yet frequently overlooked consequence of eating disorders is their negative effect on oral health.
Erosion
One of the most immediate and noticeable effects of eating disorders on oral health is dental erosion. This is especially prevalent in individuals suffering from bulimia nervosa, as it is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting.
The stomach acid that enters the oral cavity during vomiting is highly corrosive and can lead to the demineralization of tooth enamel. Enamel serves as the protective outer layer of teeth, and once it is eroded, it cannot regenerate. As a result, individuals may experience increased tooth sensitivity, greater susceptibility to cavities, and an overall negative change in tooth appearance (e.g., change in color, worsened staining, etc.).
Vitamin deficiency
Beyond dental erosion, eating disorders can also lead to a variety of other oral health issues. Malnutrition, a common consequence of anorexia nervosa, can result in deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals needed to maintain healthy teeth and gums.
For example, deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus can weaken teeth’ structural integrity, making them more prone to decay, breakage, and fractures. Similarly, lacking vitamin C can lead to scurvy, which manifests as bleeding gums and loose teeth, further compromising oral health.
Salivary gland dysfunction
Salivary gland dysfunction is another oral complication associated with eating disorders. Chronic vomiting and the use of diuretics or laxatives can lead to dehydration and reduced saliva production.
Saliva plays a vital role in maintaining oral health by neutralizing acids, aiding digestion, and providing antimicrobial action. Reduced saliva flow, known as xerostomia or dry mouth, can create an environment where bacterial growth is abundant, leading to an increased risk of cavities and infections in the mouth.
Periodontal disease
Periodontal disease, or gum disease, is another serious concern for individuals with eating disorders. Poor nutritional intake can weaken the immune system, reducing the body’s ability to fight infections, including those affecting the gums. Additionally, behaviors such as purging can introduce bacteria into the oral cavity, increasing the risk of developing periodontal disease.
The early stages of periodontal disease, known as gingivitis, are characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease that may result in tooth loss and damage to the bone supporting the teeth.
Oral disease and its additional impact on mental health
Beyond the physical damage to the teeth and gums, eating disorders can also have significant psychosocial effects that impact oral health. Individuals with eating disorders may experience shame and embarrassment regarding their oral health, leading them to avoid dental care.
This avoidance can result in neglecting routine dental check-ups and cleanings, allowing oral health issues to go undetected and untreated, worsening overall health.
Additionally, the psychological stress associated with eating disorders may contribute to behaviors such as teeth grinding (bruxism), which can further damage the teeth and jaw.
The impact of eating disorders on oral health points to the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Dentists and oral hygienists can play a crucial role in the early detection of eating disorders, as they may be among the first to notice the signs of dental erosion, malnutrition or other oral health issues.
Preventive measures are essential in mitigating the oral health consequences of eating disorders. These include maintaining good oral hygiene practices, such as regular brushing and flossing and using fluoride toothpaste to strengthen enamel.
Additionally, dental professionals can guide nutritional supplements to address deficiencies and recommend saliva substitutes or stimulants to alleviate dry mouth.
Are you in need of treatment for eating disorders?
If you or a loved one are battling an eating disorder and struggling with the impacts of its effects, help is available. Seeds of Hope offers comprehensive programs for those needing immediate treatment and additional support for those suffering from long-term effects.
To contact our treatment team, contact Seeds of Hope by calling 610-644-6464 or filling out our online contact form today.
